Abstract: Innate immune cells that exhibit enhanced immune responses to the same or different stimuli after secondary stimulation are defined as trained immunity. Trained immunity is mediated by metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming caused by longterm adaptation of innate immune cells, mainly manifested as enhanced production of proinflammatory factors during secondary stimulation. Trained immunity may have a protective effect on host defense, but inappropriate induction of training immunity may also have deleterious effects. In autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic kidney disease or dialysis, trained immunity might lead to disease progression or enhancement of persistent inflammatory responses.

Key words: trained immunity, epigenetics, immune metabolism, kidney disease