Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：To investigate the association of carotid atherosclerosis with thrombomodulin (Tm) and cytokines, and explore the influence on cardiovascular events in patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：A total of 108 stable MHD patients were enrolled into this study. The bilateral common carotid artery intimamedia thickness (cIMT) and carotid artery atheromatous plaque were measured by highresolution Bmode ultrasonography. Serum levels of Tm, cytokines (IL1β, IL6 and TNFα) were determined by ELISA. Correlation analysis of cIMT with Tm, cytokines and other parameters was performed. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factor of CVD in MHD patients with 12 months followup. The predictive value of cIMT and Tm for CVD were assessed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Increased cIMT was detected in 83 (769%) patients. Compared with the normal cIMT patients, plasma Tm concentration was significantly increased [(2043±322) mg/L vs (792±539) mg/L,P＜001] L in cIMT severe thickening patients, serum IL1β, IL6, TNFα and CRP levels were also significantly elevated. Compared with cIMT mild thickening patients, Tm concentration was obviously higher [(2043±322) mg/L vs (1092±432) mg/L,P＜001] and CRP, IL6 were obviously higher (P＜005) in cIMT severe thickening patients. Linear correlation analysis discovered that Tm concentration was positively correlated with IL1β, IL6, TNFα, CRP (P＜005 or P＜001 ). Multiple regression analysis indicated that Tm was independent positive correlate with cIMT (β=0620，t=5858，P＜0001). 12 months after followup, there were 51 newlyhappened cardiovascular events and 9 cases died. Logistic regression analysis found that increased cIMT (Wald=7639，OR=136，95%CI 1467～9258，P=0019) and Tm (Wald=8963，OR=104，95%CI  2272-5009，P=003) were risk factors to cardiovascular events. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of cIMT for CVD was 0866 (95%CI 0794-0939,P=0001), cutoff value was 196 mm; The AUC of blood Tm for CVD was 0763 (95%CI 0664-0862,P=0003), cutoff value was 18635 mg/L.
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：
Vascular endothelial cell injury represented by Tm concentration and cIMT thickening were risk factors for cardiovascular events in MHD patients. Vascular endothelial cell injury and micro inflammatory reaction may promote the occurrence of atherosclerosis in MHD patients.

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：To investigate the curative effect and safety of artificial expanded polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE) protective external vascular sheath for kinked transplanted renal artery.
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：A total of 286 kidney transplants were performed between January 2019 and June 2022 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, of which 8 cases presented with excessive anastomotic artery length and arterial kinking after placement in the iliac fossa, affecting the blood supply of transplanted kidney. An artificial ePTFE external vascular sheath was then used to wrap and immobilize the anastomotic artery during the operation. Demographics, preoperative, and postoperative recovery data of those patients were retrospectively analyzed, and the efficacy and safety of the method were evaluated.
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Among the 8 patients, 6 were male and 2 were female, with an average age of 43.1±8.5 years. All 8 cases had a kinked anastomotic artery when the right donor kidney with a single branch artery was anastomosed end-to-end with the recipient internal iliac artery. Two cases exhibited a weakened pulsation of transplant kidney and a darkening of its color immediately after the kidney was placed in the right iliac fossa. No deterioration of color or tension was found in the remaining 6 cases. The application of an artificial ePTFE external vascular sheath significantly corrected the kinked artery and improved blood supply of the transplanted kidney. Postoperative ultrasonography showed that the arterial velocity was 146.7±10.4 cm／s, and the resistance index (RI) was 0.68±0.06. All of the patients recovered normally after surgery except for one case that developed delayed graft function (DGF), with a gradual increase in urine output on the fifth postoperative day and a return to normal renal function in the second week. No rejection, arterial thrombosis, or infection occurred, and no abnormalities were observed under the ultrasound or CT. The flow velocity and RI in the third month after the operation were 151.3±7.8 cm／s and 0.67±0.07, respectively. There were no significant differences compared to the immediate postoperative data (P>005). All 8 cases survived without any manifestations of renal artery stenosis, infection and discomfort in the surgical area.
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：The ePTFE protective external sheath effectively corrected the kinked anastomotic artery, improved the blood supply, and reduced the possibility of longterm stenosis in the transplanted renal artery. It demonstrated good stability, high safety and few complications.

【Abstract】 In the kidney, microvascular pericytes are extensively branched, collagen-producing cells in close contact with endothelial cells. These cells contribute to the stability of microvascular in physiological condition. After continuous renal injury, the pericytes detach from the basement of capillaries and transform to scar-forming myofibroblasts. Inhibit pericyte-myofibroblasts transforming improve the renal fibrosis and peritubular capillary rarefaction. Additionally, the pericyte may be the major erythropoietin-producing cell in the kidney. In the patients of chronic kidney disease, transforming to myofibroblast make the pericyte effectiveless in producing the erythropoietin although the marked anemia. The research about the pericyte in kidney has made great process in recent years. Learning about the function of pericyte help us to understand the mechanism of renal fibrosis. Furthermore, the therapy targeting the pericyte may be helpful in preventing the progress of renal fibrosis.

Acute kidney injury can be caused by many factors,and activation of the complement plays an important role in acute kidney injury.In acute kidney injury,complement system can be activated through  classic pathway,mannosebinding lectin pathway and alternative pathway,and alternative pathway is most important.The membrane attack complex together with the downstream molecules of  complement system,such as C3a and C5a will cause the damage of  kidney.Complement regulatory proteins can inhibit the over activation of complement system,and their impaired function will lead to a series of kidney diseases and aggravate the kidney injury.In this review we will describe the role of  complement in acute kidney injury,in order to provide new thoughts of the specific clinical therapy of acute kidney injury.

As kidney function declines, there is a progressive deterioration in mineral and bone homeostasis in chronic kidney disease (CKD), with abnormal concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, PTH, or vitamin D metabolism, abnormal bone and extraskeletal calcification. The clinical syndrome is defined as CKDmineral and bone disorder (CKDMBD). Kidney transplantation improves CKDMBD greatly, but hypercalcemia is common in kidney transplant recipients. The studies report wide variation of prevalence. The prevalence of hypercalcemia is 15%～30% and 5%～10% within 1 year and 1 year after renal transplantation. The important causes for hypercalcemia are pretransplantation duration on dialysis and persistent posttransplant hyperparathyroidism. The spontaneous resolution of hypercalcemia may happen in the early posttransplant period. Chronic severe hypercalcemia may exacerbate heterotopic calcification, resulting in higher risks of the kidney injury, cardiovascular diseases and death. So, finding out the causes and therapeutic interventions is important for recipients to improve quality of life and longterm outcomes.

This article introduces 4 national standards for the infrastructure construction and operation management of the biobank, GB／T 39766-2021Management specification for human biobank, GB／T 39767-2021 Management specification for human biomaterial, GB／T40364-2021 Fundamental terminology for human biobank and GB／T 39768-2021 Classification and coding for human biomaterial.We systematically describe the standardized organizational structure, personnel management, environmental facilities, reagents and consumables, information systems, sample management, etc. Through the 4 standards, we can strengthen the constructional standard of biobank, promote the standardization of management and operation, so as to offer samples of high quality to down-stream scientific research.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characteized by hyperghycemia.With the economic development and lifestyle changes,the prevalence of diabetes has gradually increased,and it has become an increasingly serious public health problem in most regions of the world.Presenting a heterogeneous etiology,the pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes is still unclear and effective therapeutic methods need to be explored.Studies in animal models are contributing to  understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of diabetes and development of drugs.Zebrafish is superior to other model systems,rapidly emerging as promising model organism for functional studies of human disease，including inducedproximity models and genetically modified models with spontaneous diabetes.This article reviews the progresses of current researches using diabetic zebrafish models.

Abstract: Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Ageing is associated with sarcopenia, and end-stage renal disease accelerates the normal physiological muscle wasting resulting in an increasing prevalence of sarcopenia, which is named uraemic sarcopenia. There are several mechanisms that may be involved in the onset and progression of uraemic sarcopenia, such as hormones, changes in immune and muscle cells, metabolic acidosis, reducing protein intake and so on. Uraemic sarcopenia presents a high probability for morbidity and mortality, and consequently a high priority for muscle wasting prevention and treatment in these patients.

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：The Study delves into the clinical efficacy of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for treatment of chronic hyperkalemia in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：A prospective, singlecenter, clinical observational study was conducted. MHD patients with predialysis serum potassium>55 mmol／L after the short interdialytic interval were enrolled. Patient education and dietary management were carried out. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate 5g once daily on nondialysis days, and titrated towards maintaining normokalemia over 4 weeks, in 5 g／d increments to a maximum of 15 g／d. The drug dose remained stable during the observation period (8 weeks). The primary end point was proportion of patients during the therapeutic observation period who maintained predialysis serum potassium of 40~50 mmol／L during at least three of four hemodialysis treatments,the secondary end points were the serum potassium level before dialysis and the difference of serum potassium concentration before and after hemodialysis.
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：90 (292％) MHD patients were eligible for chronic hyperkalemia. Of the 25 patients (17 males and 8 females) with predialysis potassium≥55 mmol／L were enrolled, with the mean age of 542±128 years old and mean dialysis duration of 117(74,171) months. During the observation period, 68％ of the patients met the primary efficacy end point. The predialysis serum potassium was maintained at 475±036 mmol／L,which was significantly decreased compared with predialysis serum potassium at baseline(614±057 mmol／L).Intradialytic potassium shift values were significantly lower than that at baseline. The maintenance dose of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate was 5 g／d in 11 patients, 10 g／d in 13 patients, and 15 g／d in 1 patient, respectively. 3 patients experienced gastrointestinal reactions during the does titration duration.
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate effectively reduced predialysis potassium after the short interdialytic interval in MHD patients with chronic hyperkalemia, and reduced the fluctuation of serum potassium preand postdialysis.

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an organspecific autoimmune disease.Thrombospondin type 1 domaincontaining 7A (THSD7A) is a new firmly recognized target antigen of MN.THSD7A antibody can induce podocyte injury and proteinuria by binding to THSD7A antigen on the surface of  podocyte.Though the discovery of THSD7A was more recent,limited data has addressed the role of THSD7A antibody in diagnosis,prognosis and monitor  of MN.In addition,we can use the mice model to study the pathogenesis of THSD7Aassociated MN because of the high expression of THSD7A on both human and murine podocyte.This review focused on the main discoveries and current knowledge of THSD7A and MN.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with complex pathogenesis and diverse clinical manifestations. In recent years, as theoretical and technological innovations in the postgenomic era, specifically advances in gene detection techniques, over 30 diseasecausing genes for SLE have been identified and the concept of “Monogenic lupus” has been proposed. This review will focus on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and genetic diagnosis of these genes, so as to raise awareness of the genetic contribution to SLE and advance further research.