Abstract:

The main conundrum complicating longterm survival of transplanted kidney is antibodymediated rejection (AMR).Intense research intended to correlate antibody characteristics with clinical manifestations and graft prognosis.Research regarding antibodies against nonHLA antigens improved appreciation of their significance in kidney transplantation.The diagnosis of AMR changed dramatically and a host of biomarkers for kidney rejection and graft survival have been discovered and validated.The efficacy and safety profiles of bortezomib,rituximab and C1q monoclonal antibody use in the treatment of AMR have been reported with small number of patientsFurthermore,some drugs have been found to be effective in AMR prevention and treatment in animal studies.