IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a primary glomerular disease characterized by IgA deposition in mesangial region of glomerular. As an immunomodulator, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is mainly used in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Many studies have confirmed that HCQ can reduce proteinuria in IgAN and alleoviate kidney damage. This review aims to systematically describe possible mechanism and research progress of HCQ in treatment of IgAN, and provide reliable evidence for future clinical use.

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：To observe efficacy and safety of paricalcitol combin with cinacalcet in treatment of refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT)in maintenance hemodialysis(MHD) patients.
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：A retrospective study was conducted in MHD patients with SHPT whose serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was still >800 pg／mL, although treated with calcitriol and cinacalcet, Serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, iPTH, alkaline phosphatase, calcium phosphorus product and hemoglobin were measured at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks after treatment.
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Twelve patients were enrolled in this study(6 males and 6 females), the baseline iPTH was 129165±37096 pg／mL, serum calcium was 225±029 mmol／L, and serum phosphorus was 212±058 mmol／L. The initial dose of paricalcitol is 5 μg, tiw, combined with cinacalcet 25～50 mg／d. After 4 weeks of treatment, iPTH decreased to 89557 ± 47942 pg／mL(P=0054), the proportion of patients with iPTH reduction rate>30％ and with iPTH reduction to 150～585 pg／mL was 333％ and 25％ respectively; After 12 weeks of treatment, iPTH level was 79491±41712 pg／mL(P=0011), the proportion of patients with iPTH reduction rate>30％ and with iPTH reduction to 150～585 pg／mL was 583％ and 333％ respectively. The mean decline rate of iPTH was 3659±2448％(22％～919％). Compared with the baseline, there was no statistical difference with serum phosphorus and calcium during follow up. No adverse events were observed.
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：Paricalcitol combined with cinacalcet can reduce the level of iPTH in MHDSHPT patients safely and effectively.

A young male was accidentally found renal cysts and renal insufficiency by influenza. He presented with polydipsia and had normal growth and development. The laboratory tests exhibited mild proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine and anemia. A kidney biopsy was performed and revealed chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and cystic dilatation of renal tubules. A homozygous NPHP1 gene deletion mutation was detected by genetic sequencing. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with NPHP1 deletionrelated nephronophthisis.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and the leading cause of endstage renal disease. However, due to the unclear etiology, there is a lack of specific treatment options. Over the past few decades, some progress has been made in understanding the complex pathogenesis of IgAN, which has also promoted the development of targeted therapies. In this review, we will summarise the current possible targeted therapeutic strategies for IgAN, which include targeting the gut mucosal immune system, targeting B cell signalling, targeting the complement system, targeting rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1) to induce autophagy, targeting endothelin1 related receptors, targeting the degradation of galactosedeficient IgA1 (GdIgA1),hope to provide new ideas for finding more effective treatments.

Chronic kidney disease is one of the major diseases threatening public health. Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a common pathological manifestation of various chronic kidney diseases in the end stage. However, the pathological mechanism of RIF remains to be clarified, and there is a lack of effective treatment for that. Increasing studies have shown that G2／M cycle arrest of renal tubular epithelial cells is an important event in the occurrence and development of RIF. In a variety of renal injury models, the causal relationship between G2／M cycle arrest of renal tubular epithelial cells and renal fibrosis has been found. Reversing G2／M cycle arrest has become a potential target to alleviate renal fibrosis. In addition, studies suggested that various pathways, including MAPK and autophagy, are closely related to G2／M cycle arrest, they affect the occurrence and progress of RIF collectively. This paper reviews the latest research on the involvement of G2／M cycle arrest in RIF, in order to provide ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease and the development of new drugs.

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：Objective To analyze retrospectively the risk factors of delayed graft function (DGF) after living relative kidney transplantation.
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：205 pairs of donors and recipients receiving kinship living kidney transplantation admitted to our hospital from January 2015 to December 2021 were included in the study, and their clinical data were collected and analyzed. Including the matching of donor and recipient nationality, recipient nationality, gender, age, blood type, population reactive antibody, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, matching number of human leukocyte antigen, dialysis time, concomitant hypertension; Donor sex, age, preoperative creatinine level, donor glomerular filtration rate, concomitant hypertension, donor／recipient surface area ratio, warm and cold ischemia, and etiology of chronic renal failure. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the risk factors of DGF.
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：The incidence of DGF in relative living kidney transplantation recipients was 31.21％. Univariate analysis showed that: There were statistically significant differences in recipient nationality, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, donor glomerular filtration rate, donor concomitant hypertension, donor／recipient body surface area ratio, and cold ischemia time among groups (P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that: Minority recipients (OR=4.386, P=0.003), donor／recipient body surface area ratio <1 (OR=2.611, P=0.033) and donor GFR <40 mL／(min·1.73m2) (OR=9.725, P<0.001) were independent risk factors that directly affected the development of DGF.
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：Minority recipients, donor／recipient body surface area ratio <1 and donor GFR <40 mL／(min·1.73 m2) are important factors affecting DGF.

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：To observe the treatment response and adverse events of pomalidomide and dexamethasone(PD) in systemic light chain(AL) amyloidosis.
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：A retrospective study was conducted on AL amyloidosis patients who were treated with PD in National Clinical Research Center of kidney disease, record clinical features of these patients, analyze effect and adverse effects.
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Two initial treated patients, 7 relapse patients, 7 refractory patients and 3 patients who were not tolerated to first line treatment were recruited. Nine (4737％) were males. The average age was 5874±1100 years. Heart and kidney involvement ratio were 3158％ and 100％. The patients received 2(1, 4) cycles of PD treatment. The total hematological response rate was 3158％ and 50％ with initial treated ones, 2857％ with refractory, 4286％ with recovery patients. The hematological response was achieved in 4 treatment cycles. As for heart response, 2(1053％) patients had progress. And 6(3158％)patients’kidney condition progressed,3(1579％)patients had partial remission, 2(1053％)had very good partial remission, 8(4211％)had no remission. The adverse events (AEs) of PD were rare and controllable, including fatigue, myelosuppression, creatinine increasing, edema and gastrointestinal reactions. The prevalence of grade 3／4 AEs was 2104％. 
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：Pomalidomide and dexamethasone was an effective treatment of AL amyloidosis which could help patients getting earlier hematologic response. Further observation was needed to figure out the longterm effect.

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：To investigate clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with acute phosphate nephropathy (APN) caused by oral sodium phosphate salts.
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：We retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed with APN by renal biopsy at the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital from January 2010 to November 2022, and analyzed their clinical manifestations, pathological features, treatment and prognosis.
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：A total of 9 patients with APN, including 7 males, aged 6011±914 years at the time of renal biopsy, were included. The patients were all taking oral sodium phosphate for the need of colonoscopy, and the serum creatinine (SCr) levels were in the normal range, but with a median presence of 3 highrisk factors. At the time of diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI), SCr was 25724±6365 μmol／L; except for one case with elevated blood phosphorus, the rest of the patients had normal blood calcium and phosphorus. Urinalysis was free of erythrocytes, and only 2 cases showed a small amount of proteinuria. Six patients were treated with prednisone (15~30 mg／d). At a median followup of 14 months, renal function improved in 7 patients, but none of the SCr returned to the normal range. SCr at the last followup was 17592±4505 μmol／L and the mean eGFR was 3633±1283 ml／(min·173 m2).
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：APN due to oral sodium phosphate salts usually has an insidious onset, and renal biopsy can help clarify the diagnosis. Phosphate lavage should be used with caution in patients with highrisk factors, and changes in renal function should be monitored closely for early recognition and management.

Prevention and treatment of peritoneal dialysis (PD)associated peritonitis is effective in reducing patients morbidity and mortality. In March 2022, International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) have updated guidelines for prevention and treatment of PDassociated peritonitis. This review made an interpretation on this guideline.

Renal fibrosis is a pathological repair phenomenon characterized by glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis that occurs in the process of chronic and sustained injury of renal tissue, and is a common pathway for various chronic renal diseases to develop into end-stage renal diseases. Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT) is a process in which bone marrow-derived macrophages differentiate into myofibroblasts during kidney injury and promote renal fibrosis. Here, we summarize some evidence and mechanisms of MMT's influence on renal fibrosis, and further understanding of MMT and its potential signal pathways will be helpful in finding therapeutic targets for renal fibrosis.

Systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare plasma cell disease that often causes dysfunction of important organs such as heart and kidney. In recent years, some progress has been made in the field of molecular mechanism of AL amyloidosis, which helps us further understand structural characteristics of amyloid fibrils in AL amyloidosis and pathological mechanism of heart and kidney damage; In addition, there has been some advances in diagnosis and treatment of AL amyloidosis, which is of great significance for improving clinical practice of AL amyloidosis. This article will review recent progress in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of AL amyloidosis.

ＴRenal fibrosis is the main pathological change of chronic kidney disease with various causes. It has been found that histone acetyltransferases (HATs) mediated epigenetic modification was tightly associated with the occurrence and development of renal fibrosis. The p300／CBP family consisting of the highly homologous adenovirus E1Aassociated 300 kDa protein (p300) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) binding protein (CBP) is one of the major members of the HATs families. This paper reviewed the structure, function, and the role of p300／CBP in renal fibrosis, attempting to provide new targets and ideas for the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis.

Alport syndrome (AS) is a kind of hereditary collagen disease with kidney, eye and hearing impairment as primary manifestations, which will lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)in the early stage, and is included in the first batch of rare diseases list in China. At present, there is no cure for AS, but the research and development of drugs for the treatment of AS is accelerating. This article reviews the progress of drug research and clinical trials of AS at home and abroad in the past decade, hoping to provide strategies and ideas for the future drug development and treatment of AS, so as to benefit AS patients and their families.

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：To investigate effect and underlying mechanisms of a pyroptosis inhibitor, Bay117082, in treatment of membranous nephropathy (MN).
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：Bay117082 was administered to a C3a／C5ainduced podocyte injury model in vitro. Cell injury was evaluated according to propidium iodide (PI) staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Alterations in pyroptosis signaling pathways were observed through immunofluorescence, Westernblot and ELISA. Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) rat model was established and treated with Bay117082. Renal and podocyte injuries were evaluated through 24h urine protein (24hUPro), serum albumin (ALB), renal histopathology, immunohistochemical staining of Desmin／WT1. Changes in pyroptosis signaling pathways were observed through immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RTqPCR, Westernblot and ELISA.
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Bay117082 ameliorated C3a／C5ainduced podocyte injury by inhibiting pyroptosis, as demonstrated by decreased percentage of PIpositive cells and LDH release along with downregulation of NFκBNLRP3ASCCaspase1IL18／GSDMD pyroptosis signaling pathway. Bay117082 alleviated renal and podocyte injuries in PHN rats by inhibiting pyroptosis, as reflected by improvement of renal injury, including decreased 24hUPro and Desmin expression in podocyte, increased ALB and WT1 expression in podocyte nuclei, and significantly alleviated podocyte foot process fusion under transmission electron microscopy. The NFκBNLRP3ASCCaspase1IL1β／IL18／GSDMD pyroptosis signaling pathway was also downregulated in the glomeruli.
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：Bay117082 alleviated renal lesions in MN by inhibiting complementinduced podocyte pyroptosis.

Extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R) is an effective treatment for removing CO2 in circulation. With lower risk and complications, ECCO2R has the advantages of lower invasiveness, technical requirements and cost compared with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, some studies have found that there are problems in the clinical application of ECCO2R, mainly including the applicable population and anticoagulant problems, which limit its clinical promotion. This article aims to review the recent progression of clinical application of ECCO2R technology.

In order to improve management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for primary healthcare providers in Western China, 10 key points were selected from a previous survey. Then the expert group formulated relevant recommendations followed the latest guidelines and clinical evidences. These recommendations cover CKD screening, early clinical symptoms and signs, assessment, management, timing of renal replacement therapy and patient education. It would improve quality and efficiency of CKD management for primary healthcare providers, and CKD patients would benefit from these recommendations.

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：To explore the optimal dialysis treatment regimen and efficiency of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with “high risk of COVID19 infection”.
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：The high risk MHD patients with COVID19 who just turned negative from positive for nuclear acid test and received transitional dialysis in the Emergency Dialysis Center of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital from April 1 to June 30, 2022 were recruited. The 4hCRRT therapy was performed with Prismaflex dialysis machine and ST100 suite. We used the continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) mode with the total fluid exchange volume of 8 000 ml／h, including dialysate and total replacement fluid. We investigated the patients’ singlecompartment urea clearance index (spKt／V) and urea reduction rate (URR) and compared them to their routine dialysis evaluation by t test and Wilcoxon signed rank test, to evaluate the dialysis efficiency of 4hCVVHDF. The influential factors of dialysis efficiency were analyzed by Logistic regression. The tolerance to treatment was evaluated by the subjective feeling questionnaire.
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：During the treatment, the mean spKt／V was 086±019, and the mean URR was 5029%±760％. Although the spKt／V and URR of CVVHDF were significantly lower than those of IHD, the acidbase and electrolyte disturbances were well corrected, with potassium 362±061 mmol／L, phosphorus 137±034 mmol／L and carbon dioxide 289±29 mmol／L after dialysis. Multivariate analysis suggested that gender was an independent risk factor for spKt／V in CVVHDF patients. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant inverse correlation between dry weight and spKt／V (R=-0563,P<0001). Subjective feelings questionnaire indicated that most patients had good tolerance, and some even had better experience than conventional IHD.
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：In the case of public health emergencies, the dialysis adequacy and safetyness of shortterm high doses CVVHDF are acceptable, and may be used as an optimal transitional replacement and support for the routine IHD.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic disease with progressive deterioration or irreversible damage to renal structure and function. Chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 have been reported to participate in the occurrence and development of CKD in recent studies, and targeting CCL2／CCR2 signaling pathway has gradually become a research hotspot in the treatment of CKD. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanism of CCL2／CCR2 signaling pathway in CKD to further clarify the pathogenesis of CKD and provide new research evidence for immunotherapy targeting CCL2／CCR2.

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：Bioinformatics was applied to analyze and screen the natural drugs and their effective components for the treatment of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) from the perspective of ferroptosis, opening up a new way for the treatment of CKD.
Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ：The databases related to CKD were searched in GEO database, and differential expression genes (DEGs) of CKD were obtained by using limmma package of R language.Genes related to ferroptosis were collected in FerrDb platform, and the protein interaction network was constructed by the intersection genes of ferroptosis related genes and the above DEGs, and the topology of the network was analyzed.Then, clusterProfiler, pathview and other R packages were used for functional enrichment analysis of intersected genes (GO, KEGG).Finally, symMap platform was used to locate natural drugs, and TCMSP was used to find the small molecule compounds corresponding to natural drugs and their corresponding targets for molecular docking analysis. 
Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：GEO database screened GSE66494 and GSE120683 data sets, and 1021 targets were obtained by limma difference analysis. A total of 259 targets related to ferroptosis were collected by FerrDb platform, and 18 key targets could be obtained by using the common targets of ferroptosis and differential expression of CKD to construct PPI network and topology analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that CKD was related to small molecule catabolic process and mTOR signaling pathway from the perspective of ferroptosis.SymMap and TCMSP database results showed that natural small molecule compounds such as Citric Acid and Coumestrol could form good molecular docking with the core target. 
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：Through bioinformatics and molecular docking, citric acid and Coumestrol derived from rhubarb and other natural drugs were obtained, which may become key candidate drugs for the treatment of CKD, providing a new direction for the research and development of new drugs for CKD.

In the last decade, single cell RNAsequencing (scRNAseq) has made significant advances in obtaining quantitative geneexpression of individual cells and identifying previously uncharacterized cell types and functions. However, scRNAseq technologies have the intrinsic limitation of losing original positional information during tissue dissociation into single cells. Spatial localization of cells in tissue microenvironments is essential to further identify cell types, elucidate the complex celltocell communication and spatial division of labor among cells, and explore the relationship between the tissue microenvironments imbalance and the development and progression of diseases. Tissuelevel systems biology requires obtaining wholegenome expression profiles while retaining the spatial positional information of cells. Spatial transcriptomics emerged at the proper time and developed rapidly in recent years. In this review, we introduced the common techniques of spatial transcriptomics and the integrated applications of spatial transcriptomics with other omics (spatialomics). Finally, we summarized current applications and future opportunities in the field of kidney diseases.