Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important public health problem worldwide, with a significant global health burden. It is well known that, in addition to traditional risk factors, gender plays a key role in the development and progression of CKD, involving complex interactions of sex hormones with physiological pathways such as the renin-angiotensin system, oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular disease. Despite the higher prevalence of CKD in women, men tend to progress more rapidly to end-stage renal disease. Changes in progression are also observed in pre- and post-menopausal women compared to men. The underlying mechanisms of gender differences in CKD pathogenesis, including the role of sex hormones and their derivatives, remain poorly understood, thus limiting their use in personalized interventions. This review focuses on the impact of gender differences on several types of renal diseases that primarily cause CKD, including lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Key words: font-family:Inter, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, ", font-size:16px, background-color:#F9FAFB, ">chronic kidney disease, sex hormones, hormone replacement therapy