Abstract: The rapid development of the field of kidney organoids has provided important model support for the study of human kidney development and kidney diseases. The research on kidney organoids has evolved from early establishment of nephron organoids to ureteric bud／collecting duct organoids，which can more comprehensively simulate human kidneys and better apply them in the fields of kidney development simulation，disease modeling，and drug screening. In addition，the cross fusion of new technologies such as single-cell sequencing，multi omics combination，gene editing，and organ-chips has also enabled researchers to have a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of kidney organoids. This article will introduce the induction methods for nephron organoids and ureteric bud／collecting duct organoids，optimization of cell and structure for kidney organoids，relevant applications and improvement measures for kidney organoids.

Key words: kidney organoid, differentiation protocol, disease model