Abstract: Environmental changes can cause species diversity in ecosystems,which in turn affects species interactions.Similarly,chronic kidney disease (CKD) can cause changes in the intestinal flora,and this change affects host health.Alterations of diets and drugs in renal failure have modified the composition,proportion,and metabolite composition of intestinal flora,and formed a pathological state characterized by production of specific toxins,which is manifested by decreased intestinal barrier function and intestinal flora metabolites shifted into the circulatory system,thereby inducing corresponding tissue and organ damage.Therefore,the intestinal flora can be used as a new therapeutic target to improve clinical complications such as abnormal CKD metabolism and immune dysfunction.To this end,we will elaborate the relationship between intestinal flora and CKD from an ecological perspective,and explore the potential value of probiotics in the treatment of CKD.

Key words: chronic kidney disease, ecology, intestinal flora